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Expert has a wide-ranging knowledge of, and practical experience with, dyes used in biomedicine – many of which were originally used industrially, eg as textile or food dyes. He has produced novel biological staining applications making use of such dyes; devised analytical procedures for many of them; and prepared trouble-shooting schemes for those using more widely applied dyes.

Novel staining procedures – Expert has shown that new staining procedures, often simpler and more reliable, can be dveloped. For instance those using fuchsine, with fixed tissues. More recently he has developed expertise in assessing which dye structures will result in particular intravellular localization within living cells. The underlying models have also proved applicable to xenobiotics in general, such as drugs, herbicides and pollutants.

Analytical procedure – He has devised widely applicable methods, which for instance can be applied to most acid (ie anionic) and basic (ie cation), mordant (ie dye lakes and metallized), neutral and solvent dyes in general use; as well as to many direct dyes and fluorescent brightening agents.

Trouble shooting – Schemes to trouble-shoot many histopathological stains have been clarified.


Cell biology – involves an integrated understanding of the structure (anatomy) and function of biological cells. Expert has considerable experience with interpreting images of a wide variety of cell types [animal, plant and microbial] using a range of microscopic methods and staining reagents. This has proved valuable to specialists first involved with applying a variety of xenobiotics to biological specimens, and using microscopy to assess outcomes.

By inspecting the chemical structures of a set of novel fluorochromes, & estimating their intracellular localization patterns using QSAR models, he could recommend which were most suitable as cell and molecular biological fluorescent probes. He suggested colored labels for young of marine animals of commercial significance, to assess reproductive efficacy under various circumstances.He devised an in-house trouble-shooting guide for a laboratory engaged in the biological staining of a specific type of animal biopsy. He inspected chemical structures of proposed novel pharmaceutical agents, and provided predictions [based on QSAR models] of where they would localise in the appropriate cell type, thus permitting synthesis of the more promising structures. He provided analytical protocols and criteria to permit a biological stain vendor to decide if certain dyes available to him would be of suitable quality for use as biological stains.